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some, a certain (indefinite determiner)
for a short time (in time expressions like 'quelque temps')
Je resterai quelque temps chez mes parents.
I'll stay with my parents for a while.
about, approximately (used before numerals)
Ça s'est passé il y a quelque vingt ans.
That happened about twenty years ago.
Notes
GENERAL INFO
Quelque means "some," "a few," "any," or "about/approximately." It can be an adjective (agreeing in number) or an invariable adverb.
USAGE
As an adjective: "J'ai quelques livres" (I have a few books). "Quelque chose" (something).
As an adverb: "Il y a quelque vingt ans" (about twenty years ago). It's also used in "quel que soit" (whatever/whichever it may be).
It's also found in expressions like : "Quelque part" (somewhere) ; "Quelque chose" (something) ; "Quelqu'un" (someone) ...
TRAPS
Watch out for agreement: "quelque" (singular) vs. "quelques" (plural adjective). Also, distinguish "quelque" (one word) from "quel que" (two words) in expressions like "quel que soit."